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CONFERENCES
ON
ISLAMICJERUSALEM
As a
result
of the
lack of
academic
research
and
material
on the
subject
of
Islamicjerusalem
and as
part of
the
Academy
ongoing
programme
to
become
an
international
platform
for the
discussion
of the
studies
and
issues
relating
to
Islamicjerusalem.
It has
been
decided
to
initiate
an
annual
conference
in the
hope of
establishing
a new
frame of
reference.
The
conference
aims to
provide
a forum
for
scholars
working
on the
subject
and all
those
who wish
to
enhance
their
appreciation
of any
aspect
of
Islamicjerusalem.
Since 1997 ISRA held five successful international Academic conferences on Islamicjerusalem. After the establishment of the 'Centre for Islamicjerusalem Studies' at the Al-Maktoum Institute / University of Aberdeen in Scotland, ISRA organised some of the following conferences in conjunction with the centre and have since organised another six conferences and ISRA will be organising the
twelfth Academic conference on Islamicjerusalem in November 2010. Click below on the links below to see previous and upcoming conferences.
Previous Conferences
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Coming Conferences
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Previous
Conferences |
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Below are
the dates of
previous
conferences
organised by
ISRA and the
titles of
the academic
papers which
have been
presented in
them.
As well as
conferences
organised by/ with
the 'Centre
of
Islamicjerusalem
Studies'
1997: FIRST
CONFERENCE
ON ISLAMIC
JERUSALEM
1998: SECOND
CONFERENCE:
"The
Centrality
of Jerusalem
in Islam"
1999: THIRD
CONFERENCE:
"Muslim-Christian
Relations in
Jerusalem:
Past,
Present
and Future"
2000: FORTH
CONFERENCE:
"Jerusalem
in Islamic
Fiqh
(Jurisprudence)
and
International
Law"
2003: FIFTH
CONFERENCE:
"Prophetic
Temples and
Al-Aqsa
Mosque –
Demystifying
Realities
and
Exploring
Identities"
2004-2009: Conferences organised
by/ with the
'Centre of
Islamicjerusalem
Studies'
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First
Conference
on Islamic
Jerusalem |
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On the 2nd
of September
1997 the
Academy held
its first
International
Academic
Conference
in the
School of
Oriental and
African
Studies (SOAS),
University
of London
It was a
great
success,
with a very
positive
response
from all
participants
and very
favourable
comments and
reports from
various
media
attendees.
It was in
both Arabic
and English
and
simultaneous
translation
facilities
were
available.
The
conference
was
officially
opened by
Ernie Ross
MP, who
welcomed the
advent of
our Annual
Conference
and Outlined
Labour Party
Policy
towards
Jerusalem.
Many new and
stimulating
ideas were
to be heared
from the
various
speakers at
the
Conference,
and
particulary
thought
provoking
were those
of the
keynote
speakers,
Professor
Yusuf al-Qaradawi
and Karen
Armstrong -
their papers
can be read
in the
Journal of
Islamic
Jerusalem
Studies in
Volume1
Number1
Winter 1997.
Other
notable
speakers at
the
Conference
were Dr.
Mohsen Saleh,
Professor S.
A.
Schleiffer,
Alister
Duncan, and
Raid Salah.
The
following
papers were
presented in
this
conference:
-
Ernie Ross:
The
British
Government
and the
Labour Party
position on
Jerusalem.
-
Karen
Armstrong:
Sacred
Space: The
Holiness of
Islamic
Jerusalem.
-
Abdallah
Schleifer:
Jerusalem as
Archetype of
Harmonious
Islamic
Urban
Environment
-
Yousef al-Qaradawi:
Al-Quds
Fī al-Wa‘ī
al-Islāmī
-
Muhsin Salih:
Juhūd
Ba‘d ‘Ulamā’
Filastīn Fī
Ri‘āyat al-Muqadasāt
al-Islamiyah
Fī al-Quds
wa
Himāyatuha:
1918-1931
-
Abdallah
Schleifer
Jerusalem as
Archetype of
Harmonious
Islamic
Urban
Environment.
-
Alister
Duncan:
The Noble
Sanctuary:
An
Illustrated
Appreciation
of al-Haram
al-Sharif in
Islamic
Jerusalem.
-
Raid Salah.
Al-Hafriyāt
wa al-Akhtār
alatī
Tuhaded al-Masjed
al-Aqsa al-Mubarak:
Taqrīr
Shahed
‘Ayān.
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Second
Conference
on Islamic
Jerusalem |
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Following
upon the
success of
the1997
conference,
the Academy
organised a
second
conference on
Saturday the
22nd of
August 1998
with the
theme "The
Centrality
of Jerusalem
in Islam"
at the
Brunei
Gallery of
the School
of Oriental
and African
Studies
(SOAS),
University
of London.
It was both
in Arabic
and English
and
simultaneous
translation
facilities
were
available as
usual.
There were
nine
distinguished
speakers
from Jordan,
Morocco,
Jerusalem
and the UK.
The
Conference
was
officially
opened by
Lord Watson
(Honorary
President of
the Academy)
and Dr
Phyllis
Starkey
(Chair of
All Party
Britian-Palestine
Group; and
Vice Chair
of the
Labour
Middle East
Council)
their papers
can be read
in the
Journal
Volume
Number2
Summer1999.
Keynote
speakers
were:
Professor
Ibrahim Zaid
al-Kilani
and Kenneth
Cragg. Other
notable
speakers at
the
Conference
were Dr
Marwan Abu-Khalaf,
Faris Glubb,
Dr. Michael
Dumper, Raif
Nijem,
andProfessor
Abbas Jirari.
Some of the
delivered
papers can
be read in
the Journal
of Islamic
Jerusalem
Studies
Volume2
Number1
Winter 1998.
The
following
papers were
presented in
this
conference:
-
Abd
al-Fattah
El-Awaisi:
The
Significance
of
Jerusalem
in Islam:
an Islamic
Reference.
-
Ibrahim
Zaid al-Kilani:
Markaziyat
al-Quds wa
Makānatuhā
Fī
al-Islam
-
Kenneth
Cragg:
The
Excellence
of
Jerusalem.
-
Marwan
Abu-Khalaf:
The
Significance
of
Jerusalem
to Muslims
-
Michael
Dumper:
Muslim
Institutional
Development
in
Jerusalem.
-
Raif Nijem:
Harīq
al-Masjed
al-Aqsa
‘Ām 1969
wa al-Hafriyāt
alatī
Tuhaded
al-Masjed
al-Aqsa
al-Mubarak
wa ma
Hawlahu
Haliyn.
-
Abbas
Jirari:
al-Quds
al-Sharīf:
Hawyah
Islamiyah
Tatahada
Al-A‘Dā’
wa al-Ihtilāl-
Dawr
Lajnat al-Quds.
-
Faris
Glubb:
Jerusalem:
the
Central
Point of
Saladin’s
Life.
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Third
Conference
on Islamic
Jerusalem |
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In the Light
of the end
of the
Millennium
and the 99th
anniversary
of the
Crusades, we
felt it was appropriate,
to focus our
third
Conference
on the theme
of
"Muslim-Christian
Relations in
Jerusalem:
Past,
Present and
Future". It
was a great
success with
many
encouraging
comments
from those
who
attended, and
the
proceedings
were well
reported
around the
world. The
conference
was held in
Brunei
Gallery of
the School
of Oriental
and African
Studies on
the 7th
September
1999. The
first and
Second
Exhibitions
were shown
during this
conference.
The
Conference
was
officially
opened by
Sir Cyril
Townsend
(Honorary
President of
the Academy)
and Mr Tony
Loyd
(Minister of
State for
Foreign and
Commonwealth
Affairs
1997-1999).
We were
extremely
happy that
we managed
to bring
together so
many
distinguished
speakers
from Syria,
Jordan,
Jerusalem,
and the UK.
Even the
Conference's
audience
came from
around the
world,
America,
Europe,
Middle East
and Asia.
Fine
speeches
were given
by the
keynote
speakers:
Professor
Muhammad
Said Ramadan
al-Buti and
Duncan
Macpherson.
Other
notable
speakers at
the
Conference
were Dr.
Michael
Prior, Dr.
Abd
al-Fattah
El-Awaisi,
Haithem al-Ratrout,
Professor
Shafiq Jaser,
Dr. Geries
Khoury, Dr.
Carole
Hillenbrand,
and
Professor
Zaki Badawi.
Some of the
delivered
papers can
be read in
the Journal
of Islamic
Jerusalem
Studies in
Volume3
Number1
Winter 1999.
The
following
papers were
presented in
this
conference:
-
Muhammad
Said
Ramadan
al-Buti:
Mu‘āmalet
al-Dawlah
al-Islāmiyah
li Ghaīr
al-Muslimīn-al-Quds
Namūthjan.
-
Duncan
Macpherson.:
Jerusalem
and
Christian-Muslim
Relations:
the
Contemporary
Context
-
Michael
Prior:
Christian
Perspectives
on
Jerusalem
-
Abd
al-Fattah
El-Awaisi:
The
Islamic
Assurance
of Safety
to the
People of
Aelia (Jerusalem)
in 363 A.D:
A
Historical
Analysis.
-
Haithem
al-Ratrout,
Nathariyah
Jadīdah li
Tafsīr al-Tasmīm
wa al-Takhtīt
al-Handasī
li Qubat
al-Sakhrah
wa al-Fikr
al-
Takhtītī
al-Handasī
al-Islamī
fī al-Fatrah
al-Islamiyah
al-Mubakirah.
-
Shafiq
Jaser,
Al-‘Alāqah
Bayn al-Muslimīn
wa al-Masīhiyn
Fīal-Quds
Khilāl al-Fath
al-Islami
al-Awal.
-
Geries
Khoury,
‘Alāqah
Bayn al-Muslimīn
wa al-Masīhiyn
fī al-Quds
Ila
Bedāyat
al-Hurūb
al-Salībiyah.
-
Martin
Forward:
Jerusalem
the
Golden:
Christian
Attitudes
to
Jerusalem
during the
Crusader
Period.
-
Zaki
Badawi:
Muslim-Christian
Relations
in
Jerusalem:
Present
and
Future- A
Muslim
Perspective.
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Fourth
Conference
on Islamic
Jerusalem |
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On Tuesday 24 October 2000 the Islamic Research Academy (ISRA) held its Fourth Annual International Academic Conference at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. It was a great success, with a very positive response from participants and very favourable comments and reports from various media attendees. As every year the conference was in both Arabic and English and simultaneous translation facilities were available.
Dr Abd-Al-Fattah El-Awaisi, Secretary-General of ISRA opened the conference by welcoming all the speakers and participants. The Honorary President of ISRA Lord Watson started the day by stating ISRA's achievements
in the last
few years
"for some
years now
the Academy
has been
establishing
a new
discipline
in Academia,
and a new
frame of
reference
with regard
to
Jerusalem.
Some will be
familiar
with our
various
activities,
our
exhibitions,
lectures and
research
seminars.
Others will
have seen
our
publications,
books and
posters,
and of course the Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies." He also made a special thank to the patronage of this year Conference His Highness Shaikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al-Maktoum. He also announced the establishment of "Al-Maktoum
Institute for Arabic & Islamic Studies" in Scotland.
Mr Ernie Ross MP, chairman of the Labour Middle East Council (LMEC), delivered the opening address. He Outlined the Labour Party Policy towards Jerusalem. Mr Mirza Al-Sayegh, the private Secretary to H.H.Shaikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum outlined the history of Jerusalem from the first inhabitants to the Islamic time. The Legal status of Jerusalem: A View from
Muslim Jurisprudence was a topic discussed by Professor Wahba Al-Zuhayli from the university of Damascus.
Dr Mark Hoyle, barrister and the Editor of the Arab Law Quartley
discussed the 20th century models of international cities and mixed Jurisdictions. Professor Mohamed S. El-Awa, an attorney at law-Egypt discussed the
Muslim View on the World Divisions and
the status of Al-Quds. The problematic concept of Sovereignty and the question of Jerusalem was discussed by Dr Mahdi Zahraa
from Glasgow Caledonian University. The vice-president of Alexandria University. Professor Mohamed El-Said El-Dakkak discussed the
United
Nations and
the question
of
Jerusalem.
"Jerusalem
in
Post-modern
International
Law:
Deconstructing
the past to
build
a
constructive
future" was
a paper
delivered by
Dr Michael
Heather from
the School
of Law at
University
of
Northumbria
at
Newcastle.
Finally Dr Anas Abu Shady from Al-Azhar University in Egypt discussed the proposed options for the final status of Jerusalem from the view of
Muslim Jurists.
The
following
papers were
presented in
this
conference:
-
Wahba Al-Zuhayli:
Markaz
al-Quds Aw
al-Wad‘
al-Shar‘ī
wa al-Qanūnī
Lil Quds.
-
Mark
Hoyle:
The 20th
Century
Models of
International
Cities and
Mixed
Jurisdictions.
-
Mohamed
S. El-Awa:
Bayt
al-Maqdis
Fī Daw’
Fikrat Dār
al-Islam
wa Dār al-Harb.
-
Mahdi
Zahraa:
The
Problematic
Concept of
Sovereignty
and the
Question
of
Jerusalem.
-
Mohamed
El-Said
El-Dakkak:
Al-Umam
al-Mutahidah
wa al-Wad’
al-Iqlīmī
Ghayr al-Mashrū‘
Fī Bayt
al-Maqdis.
-
Michael
Heather:
The
Post-Modern
Posotion
of
Jerusalem
in 21st
Century
International
Law.
-
Anas
Abu-Shady:
Khayārāt
al-Muqtaraha
liWad‘
Bayt al-Maqdis
Fī al-Taswiyah
al-Nihā’iyah:
Dirāsah
Fiqhiyah
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Fifth
Conference
on Islamic
Jerusalem |
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The 2003
International
Academic
Conference
on Islamic
Jerusalem
was held on
Monday 21
April 2003.
The theme
for this
year's
conference
was
"Prophetic
Temples and
Al-Aqsa
Mosque -
Demystifying
Realities
and
Exploring
Identities".
This was the
fifth time
that a
conference
on Islamic
Jerusalem
was held by
the Islamic
Research
Academy and
the first
time it is
organised
jointly with
Centre of
Islamicjerusalem
Studies.
The
uniqueness
of this
conference
is that it
presented
new and
innovative
theories in
Islamic
Jerusalem
Studies.
The
Conference
was a great
success,
with a very
positive
response
from
participants
who came
from around
the globe.
As every
year the
conference
was in both
Arabic and
English and
simultaneous
translation
facilities
were
available.
The
conference
was opened
by The Lord
Elder of
Kirkcaldy,
Chancellor
of Al-Maktoum
Institute.
Mr Ernie
Ross MP,
member of
the
Institute
Council,
read the
Opening
Speech on
behalf of
His
Excellency
Mr Mirza Al-Sayegh.
Also Lord
Provost John
Letford of
Dundee
attended the
Opening
Session of
the
conference.
Professor
Abd
al-Fattah
El-Awaisi
presented an
innovative
paper
entitled
"Exploring
the Identity
of Islamic
Jerusalem".
As the
pioneer of
this noble
field of
inquiry,
Professor
El-Awaisi
explained
what he
means
by the term
"Islamic
Jerusalem".
He admitted
that it took
him three
years to
come to this
definition
and that it
may take
several
years before
the actual
definition
is accepted
by the wider
public. He
concluded
that from
his own
research,
Islamic
Jerusalem is
a region
that spans
40 miles by
40 miles
with Al-Aqsa
Mosque as
the centre
point.
Professor
El-Awaisi
also pointed
out that
Islamic
Jerusalem
was built on
the vision
of
inclusivity
and
plurality.
Both led to
the
development
of a
peaceful and
harmonious
multicultural
society in
Islamic
Jerusalem.
Professor
El-Awaisi
indicated
that Islamic
Jerusalem
can be used
as the model
for the
advancement
of a
multicultural,
multireligious
society
anywhere in
the world.
Professor
El-Awaisi
also
explained
the "Circle
Theory",
which is a
new theory
he developed
based on new
interpretations
of the
primary
Islamic
sources and
history.
The other
main
speakers
were
Professor
George
Wesley
Buchanan,
New
Testament
Emeritus
Scholar
(USA), and
Mr David
Sielaff from
Associates
for
Scriptural
Knowledge
(USA).
Professor
Buchanan
presented a
paper on
"The Temple
near the
Spring of
Siloan: Its
Biblical
Confirmation
and
Insights"
while Mr
Sielaff's
paper was
entitled
"The Jewish
Temple Above
the Gihon
Spring: 1700
Years of
Eyewitness
Evidence."
Both
speakers
presented
overwhelming
evidence on
the actual
location of
the Jewish
Temple and
they both
confirmed
that the Al-Aqsa
Mosque is
not the
location of
the Jewish
Temple, as
claimed by
some. Both
speakers
expressed
disappointment
by the
claims that
Al-Aqsa
Mosque was
built on the
ruins of the
Jewish
Temple as
these claims
were not
based on
solid
evidence.
A paper by
Professor
Adel Hassan
Ghoneim of
Egypt
entitled
"Al-Buraq
Wall (the
Western Wall
of Al-Aqsa
Mosque):
Historical
Realities"
was
presented in
the
afternoon
sessions by
Dr Mohammad
Nasser of
Dundee
University.
Another
paper by Dr
Haithem
Al-Ratrout
of An-Najah
National
University
(Palestine)
entitled
"Al-Aqsa
Mosque in
the Quranic
Archaeology"
was also
presented by
Mrs Aisha
Al-Ahlas.
Dr Othman
Al-Tel,
presented
another
paper
entitled
"The
Interest of
Umar Ibn Al-Khattab
in the
Location of
David's
Temple in
Jerusalem:
Myth or
Reality." Dr
Al-Tel was
also
announced as
the winner
of the
prestigious
Islamic
Jerusalem
Prize for
Young
Scholars.
The award
was issued
by the
Islamic
Research
Academy to
young
scholars who
submit
outstanding
published or
unpublished
academic
research
related to
Islamic
Jerusalem
Studies.
Additionally,
Shaikh Raid
Salah was
announced as
winner of
the
Al-Maqdisi
Award
for his
outstanding
work in Al-Aqsa
Mosque.
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Conferences
organised by/ with
the 'Centre
of Islamicjerusalem
Studies' |
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The Sixth
International
Academic
Conference
on Islamic
Jerusalem
was held on
Monday 31
May and the
1 June 2004.
The
conference
organised by
the
Centre of
Islamicjerusalem
Studies
was entitled
“The New
Field of
Inquiry of
Islamic
Jerusalem
Studies:
Background,
Achievements
and Future”.
The Conference discussed the establishment of ISRA and its achievements and the introduction of this exciting new field of enquiry. It was attended by various individual from different countries such as Malaysia, Palestine, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and the UK. Sir Cyril Townsend, the Honorary President of the Islamic Research Academy (ISRA) said in his opening remarks that he is happy and privileged to be associated with this great project. He was involved in the project from its early days when it was still in its initial stages. During the conference different areas on Islamic Jerusalem Studies were discussed: Knowledge and Power; Building Knowledge as well as the Future of Islamic Jerusalem Studies. Leading scholars such as Dr. Ahmad Hidayat Buang from Malasyia and Dr. Haithem al-Ratrout from Palestine presented some interesting papers during the conference, in addition to some other researchers. Professor El-Awaisi concluded by highlighting the success of the establishment of this new filed of inquiry of Islamic Jerusalem Studies. He stated that “ISRA has quickly become recognized as a unique international platform for research and debate on Islamic Jerusalem, set within ‘a new academic frame of reference’ and a new branch of knowledge on the international scene, known as ‘Islamic Jerusalem Studies’”.
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The Seventh
International
Academic
Conference
on
Islamicjerusalem
was held on
Monday 6th
June 2005
in Dundee - Scotland. The
conference
was entitled
“Islamicjerusalem
Studies:
Definition
and
Approaches”
This conference was a response to one point stated in the important document produced by the 2004 conference on Islamicjerusalem Studies entitled ‘The Future Development of the New Field of Inquiry of Islamicjerusalem Studies’. Therefore, the 2005 conference was designed to review and explore the development of the new field of inquiry of Islamicjerusalem Studies, looking in particular at the definition along with examining new research on the three interlinked elements of the definition of Islamicjerusalem: its geographical location and boundaries (land), their population (people) and its vision. The Conference was attended by various individuals from different countries such as Egypt, Malaysia, Palestine, United Arab Emirates and the UK. During the conference different academic papers on Islamicjerusalem Studies were delivered from various scholars and reseaches in the field.
The Eighth International Academic Conference on Islamicjerusalem was held on Friday 2 June 2006 in Dundee - Scotland. The conference was entitled “Challenges of Islamicjerusalem” and it focused on the challenging issues presented in Professor El-Awaisi’s latest monograph, Introducing Islamicjerusalem. The conference tackled challenging issue for those in academic, religious, and political establishments who are interested in the region and who may have difficulty accepting this new concept – as it may go beyond their political or religious agenda and attachments. Thus the conference discussed the new concept and definitions of Islamicjerusalem and Islamicjerusalem Studies and their implications.
The Ninth International Academic Conference on Islamicjerusalem was held on Friday 1 June 2007 in Dundee - Scotland. The conference was entitled “Mapping Islamicjerusalem: A rediscovery of geographical boundaries”. The theme concentrated on the geographical dimension of Islamicjerusalem. Speakers from different countries such as Germany, Palestine, and the UK spoke on different aspects of this field. The keynote speaker Dr Khalid El-Awaisi spoke on how contemporary scholars and academics see Islamicjerusalem as only the walled city and its close procimity. Yet, he presented accounts from historical text that clearly showed the existence of a region for Islamicjerusalem to be a long rooted concept. A region according to the many accounts he presented such as al-Maqdisi, extends to cover in addition to the ancient city of Jerusalem, many other cities, towns and villages such as Hebron, Ramla, Zarnuqah, Jaffa, Nablus, Shuwaykah, Jama‘in, Jericho, Karak, Zoar and Kuseifa. Other conecpts discussed in the conference were the divine prototype and sacred connenctions between Makkah and islamicjerusalem (Dr Haitham Al-Ratrout), the Barakah Circle Theory Of Islamicjerusalem (Prof Abd al-Fattah El-Awaisi), the centrality of al-Aqsa Mosque to the Barakah and Holiness of the surrounding regions (Abdallah Omar), as well as case studies of geographical terminologies used by historian’s such as Mujīr Al-Dīn al-Hanbali’s writing (Dr Robert Schick).
Another conference was held this year “Introducing the New field of Inquiry of Islamicjerusalem Studies to the Arab world” on 20 November 2007 in conjunction with the University of Science and Technology in Sanaa - Yemen. The conference presented the main findings of the field, the development and definitions, the geographical dimension, the architectural divine prototype of al-Aqsa Mosque and its connection with the Ka’bah. As well as a discussion on the Plan of Prophet Muhammad towards Islamicjerusalem and the Model of Islamicjeruslem for Multiculturalism. This conference brought together the key scholars of field from across the world and was well attended from within the Yemen and the Arab world.
The 2008 Conference was held on Monday 4 February 2008 in Dundee - Scotland. The conference which was entitled “Islamicjerusalem: Model for Multiculturalism In the early Muslim period”, brought together distinguished academics from around the world who presented on various issues within the field. In the keynote address, Prof Abd al-Fattah El-Awaisi, presented the hypothesises that during the first Muslim faith (conquest) the Muslims established a multicultural society. He noted that as plurality and diversity are inherent in core Muslim sources the Caliph ‘Umar implemented this inclusive vision by implementing policies that preserved human dignity and property, thus leading to mutual respect and peaceful coexistence between Christians, Jews and Muslims. Other speakers spoke on ideas of plurality and exclusion, a paper was presented on the frameworks of plurality in Islam comparing between Umar’s Assurance of Safety to people of Aelia and Madīnah Constitution (at the time of Prophet Muhammad) by Dr Alhagi Mata Drammeh. Dr. Yuri Stoyanov, of the Kenyon Institute in East Jerusalem, presented a paper on how Christians and Jews perceived the religious “other” within eschatological and apocalyptic terms. This was particularly significant because it explained the “expectant” attitude towards Muslims before the fatih of Islamicjerusalem. While a PhD student presented a paper on the re-admission of the Jews in 7th century Islamicjerusalem, based on evidence on early Muslim sources and a Cairo Geniza fragment and Karaite commentaries. Another theme in the conference was “Christians in Islamicjerusalem”, Dr. Maher Abu-Munshar presented on the attitude of Christians groups towards the Muslim conquest, which was mostly welcoming. This was supported by archological evidence presented by Dr. Robert Schick how during the conquested churches continued to be unaffected by the Muslims rather some new churches were constructed during that period. One other paper shed light on the status and role of Armenians in Islamicjerusalem which noted that while they were oppressed under the Byzantine rulers, this oppression was ended under the Muslim rule as was presented by Dr. Jacob Ghazarian of Wolfson College (University of Oxford)
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